Water treatment
solutions.

Primary treatment

Primary treatment in the profile is clarification and sedimentation, using flocculants and coagulants. The operating problem is suspended material that has to be brought together and settled before later stages can do their work.

The same words — flocculants — also appear in Greenlink's mining range, where they are listed for flotation and solvent extraction. That is a different duty. If the plant is a concentrator rather than a water plant, use mining flocculants and diluents.

Secondary treatment

The profile lists chlorination systems, cooling tower treatment chemicals, reverse osmosis membranes, potassium permanganate and sodium bicarbonate. Chlorination is the disinfection step named here. Cooling-tower chemicals are for cooling-system water. Reverse osmosis membranes are the membrane-separation item in this stage.

Potassium permanganate and sodium bicarbonate are named, but the profile does not assign each one a separate duty. That assignment is confirmed for the specific water, not inferred on this page.

Cooling and process water also sit in the hydropower and energy context, where infrastructure protection may additionally need construction chemicals.

Tertiary treatment

This stage is where the profile places the polishing and problem-correction programmes: boiler water treatment, wastewater treatment, demineralization, mineral control and scaling prevention, water softening, and industrial descalers.

Boiler water and softening address the water that goes into steam and heat equipment. Demineralization and mineral control address dissolved minerals and scale. Industrial descalers are the corrective product when scale is already the problem — including the kind of mineral scale that also appears, in a hygiene context, under kitchen descaling. For food-plant descaling of kettles and bain-maries, see industrial hygiene.

Wastewater treatment is listed as a solution area, not as a permit or discharge guarantee. The required programme depends on the stream.